Life Of The Composer Ludwig Van Beethoven - 1597 Words

Ludwig Van Beethoven Music plays an important role in the human life through entertainment, inspiration, conveying messages that help to shape the moral fabric of the society through education, among others. This is made possible through identifying with and relating to the artiste’s or composer’s feelings and aspirations. In trying to understand the intentions for which a particular musical piece has been composed, it is normally prudent to study the life of a composer to better place a clear picture for such a composition. Better yet, when in the pursuit of this valuable talent and profession for years suddenly gets threatened by the loss of hearing, it is interesting to try and understand the motivation that keeps a†¦show more content†¦Lodewijk and Johann worked at the court of the Elector of Cologne where Lodewijk was a bass singer and eventually a music director and Johann worked as a tenor and gave lessons on piano and violin. This musical background pla yed an important role in shaping Ludwig’s life as a musician. His first teacher was his father Johann, who, it is believed, was a harsh instructor that made Ludwig to stand at the keyboard and beat him for every hesitation or mistake. He was flogged, locked in the cellar and denied sleep for extra practicing hours, studying the violin and clavier with his father (Groveonline.com). Even so, young Ludwig was proud of his grandfather who was Bonn’s most prosperous and eminent musician. This inspired Ludwig in music as a young child. Ludwig’s other music teachers included: court organist Gilles van den Eeden, Franz Rovantini and Tobias Friedrich Pfeiffer. Ludwig’s father attempted to use him as a child prodigy by claiming on posters that he was six (when he was seven) for his first public performance in March 1778 (Thayer and Krehbiel). Ludwig’s teacher in Bonn, Christian Gottlob Neefe, taught Ludwig composition and helped him to write his first publis hed composition in 1783 (Stanley). He soon began working with Neefe, unpaid in 1781 and then later paid in 1784, as assistant organist. His first three piano sonatas were published in 1783. The Kapellmeister, Maximilian Frederick, took note of Ludwig’s talent andShow MoreRelatedLudwig Van Beethoven, One of the Greatest Composers of the Roomantic Period1099 Words   |  4 PagesThe Life of Ludwig van Beethoven Multitudes of music books recount the life of Ludwig van Beethoven and his contributions to music. There are many different texts that provide hard evidence that he was an individual who went on to become one of the best-known composers of all times. The early life of music saw many composers try to succeed with writing and publishing music. However, Ludwig van Beethoven emerged to become a crucial figure during the transition from Classical to Romantic erasRead MoreThe Classical Romantic And Modern Era1058 Words   |  5 PagesLudwig Van Beethoven was German Composer Pianist I have never thought of writing for reputation and honor. What I have in my heart must out; that is the reason why I compose Ludwig Van Beethoven piano compositions were published at the age of thirteen. He took a simple ideas creates his worksRead MoreComposer Report: Ludwig Van Beethoven Essay1359 Words   |  6 PagesComposer report: Ludwig van Beethoven On 17 December 1770, Ludwig van Beethoven was born. He was an amazing and great classical musical composer. He is known for being the most famous composer of the classical and romantic periods of music. According to the â€Å"Enjoyment of Music† manual, Beethoven was born in Bohn, Germany. His father, with his grandfather, was the two singers at the court of a local prince, Friedrich Max. (Forney and Machlis 197). Beethoven began to take an interest in music fromRead MoreThe Revelation Of Beethovens Childhood1617 Words   |  7 PagesLife as it was for Beethoven had many varying elements, and this research paper will be revealing a lot of what he went through as a young boy all the way to the end of his life and career as the world renowned Ludwig van Beethoven. The basis for this paper is to express and expound on the life and career of Beethoven, and why he was seen as part of the pivotal transition between the Classical and Romantic eras. The topics that will be discussed will be the revelation of Beethoven’s childhood andRead More Ludwig Van Beethoven Essay1285 Words   |  6 Pages German composer and pianist, Ludwig van Beethoven, was born December 1770 and spent most of his life in Vienna, Austria. His first teacher was his alcoholic father, who worked as a musician at the Court of Bonn. Teaching him day and night, Ludwig suffered from his fathers harsh and erratic behavior. For a time, he and his father played at the Church. As his fathers alcoholism increased, Ludwig became the main musician. Beethovens talents were discovered at an early age, and he was sentRead MoreEssay on Ludwig Van Beethoven1148 Words   |  5 Pagesor opinions strongly influence the course of events. Ludwig Van Beethoven, a German musician, is one of those very few. He was an extraordinary musician that lived through hardship and had the horrific fate of deafness, any musician’s worst nightmare. Beethoven left a wall standing in history that captured the art of sounds and worked it beyond imagination into music so fragile and pure yet onerous, unable to be matched by any succeeding composer. His determination to push music forward, go beyondRead MoreThe Music Of Ludwig Van Beethoven1600 Words   |  7 PagesLudwig van Beethoven is known for much of his musical accomplishments. One of his most famous is that he is deaf and yet one of the best musical composers of the classical and romanic area. Beethoven has always been one of my personal favorite composers. When I grew up and started takin g piano, Beethoven s Fur Elise was my first large classical piece. Ever since that point on I insisted that when we were in Germany we see his home, and that we did. In this essay I will be explaining Ludwigs YouthRead MoreLudwig Van Beethoven, Composer Of All Time, And For Good Reason1459 Words   |  6 PagesLudwig van Beethoven is perhaps the most well known composer of all time, and for good reason. Born in the Classical era, Beethoven composed music that people could connect to and feel in a way that they had never experienced before. Beethoven was a great musical innovator as a result of his work as a composer, his assistance in the transition from the Classical era to the Romantic era of music, and his famous Ninth Symphony. Ludwig van Beethoven was born on either December 16th or 17th in the yearRead MoreLaqwandra Myers. Ludwig Van Beethoven . February 1, 2017.1066 Words   |  5 PagesMyers Ludwig van Beethoven February 1, 2017 Music Appreciation 101 L. Webb M/W 12:30PM-2:00PM â€Æ' When asking anyone to name a famous composer in history, a few names will always be mentioned. They are Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Johann Sebastian Bach, Claude Debussy, and Ludwig van Beethoven, just to name a few. Every composer mentioned have become famous in their own rights, and have inspired musicians for centuries. Arguably, the most famous composer in history would be Ludwig van Beethoven. BeethovenRead MoreThe Life And Works Of Ludwig Van Beethoven1016 Words   |  5 PagesThe Life and Works of Ludwig van Beethoven What you are, you are by accident of birth; what I am, I am by myself. There are and will be a thousand princes; there is only one Beethoven (Beethoven, Favorite Classical Composers). This quote by Ludwig van Beethoven shows just how confident of a composer he was. When people to day think of Beethoven they may think of some of his famous works such as Missa solemnis, his Ninth Symphony, or his Pastoral Symphony. Other people may see Beethoven as a deaf

Essay about Cultural History of Alcohol - 1104 Words

Alcohol has been the lifeblood of civilization dating thousands of years back in time, and it is clear to see the culture impact it has made throughout history. People perceive alcohol in many different ways; depending on gender, age, religious background, or social upbringing. Throughout history alcohol has affected different cultures and various demographics. It has been a source of pleasure and aesthetic in many cultures, along with being one of the oldest rites of passage, especially in modern day American society. Alcohol and drinking were also an integral part of religious observances throughout history and culture. The use of alcohol can be seen as a social lubricant, and besides being a thirst quencher, it can play a pivotal role†¦show more content†¦In American culture especially, drinking is seen as a rite of passage or assimilation into adulthood. Young people in many cultures are introduced to drinking early in life, as a normal part of daily living. Whereas in America, drinking at a young age is looked down upon, the reverse is true in societies that maintain the best moderate drinking practices. The idea of a minimum as before someone should be protected from alcohol is alien in China and France. Children learn to drink early in Zambia by taking small quantities when they are sent to buy beer; children in France, Italy, and Spain are routinely given wine as part of a meal or celebration. In the United States, the legal age to drink varies dramatically form others around the world but is still look upon as a step into adulthood. Though attitudes and behaviors vary in different places, drinking can be seen as a routine way of assimilating a youth into their respective culture’s social customs. The relationship between alcoholic beverages and religion goes back thousands of years. The use of wine is at the heart of many Christian Religions and important Jewish ceremonies are marked by drinking a prescribe number of glasses. The Ancient Egyptians believe the much worship god Osiris. The ancient Egyptians made at least 17 types of beer and even more varieties of wine used for pleasure, nutrition, medicine, ritual and funerary purposes. In Babylon, the people worships wine deities,Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of More Than A Century Of Repression Against The Indigenous Peoples Of The Americas832 Words   |  4 Pagesremember the history of their people and fall into the trap of drugs and alcohol like their parents; men and women trying to survive without employment, own land rented to white ranchers lost the use of its inhabitants. How are indigenous communities tremendously affected by alcohol? 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Substance abuse rates are on the rise and this is included when looking at the culture, background, history, and modern day influences of a Russian-American citizens. Life is focused not only on oneself, but family, friends and the community in a certain area. Russian-American citizens are a part of the American society and will always have a history fixated from the Russian lifestyle. There are many stereotypes in the American society that bestows an idea of the depictionRead MoreDiagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders ( Dsm ) Defines Substance Abuse As Addiction Essay1423 Words   |  6 Pagesactive addiction, a person with a substance issue disorder, or a person experiencing an alcohol/drug problem. Habit or drug habit denies the medical nature of the condition instead individuals with substance issues prefer substance misuse disorder, active addiction, and alcohol and drug disease (â€Å" National Alliance†, 2008). 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The law was put into effect to lower the crime and corruption rates in the United States in the 1920s. It was also said to reduce social problems and lower taxes. In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald examines the negative repercussions of prohibition on the economy, characters in the Great Gatsby, and on the different social classes of the 1920sRead MoreAlcohol Use : Cultural Considerations And Treatment1244 Words   |  5 PagesCultural Considerations and Treatment Alcohol use has spanned history. In fact, there is speculation that alcohol use actually preceded the formation of societies (Doweiko, 2015, p. 30). Thus, alcohol has long been a part of mankind’s life. The function of alcohol has unarguably changed throughout the course of history, as it was first used for nutritional purposes and then later on for religious purposes (Doweiko, 2015, p. 32). Today, alcohol serves a social purpose. In the United States, the prevalenceRead MoreNative Americans and the Issue of Alcoholism Essay1673 Words   |  7 Pagesinvasion in America, Native Americans came to endure many problems. While some have faded, others still linger on in their lives. The issue of alcohol and alcoholism is one of them. From settlers using it to deceive, to today’s issues on the reservation, alcohol has played a devastating role in the lives of Native Americans. Knowing how the issue of alcohol became such a predominate part of Native Americans lives will allo w us to spawn ideas on how to end the problem. Before the colonists arrivedRead MoreThe History of Drug Prohibition Essays953 Words   |  4 Pagesis analogous to defending alcohol Prohibition because if so many people demanded for the eighteenth amendment there must have been an alcohol problem. Indeed, a closer look at the history of drug use shows that, before 1914, most drug users were harmless to society and even carried on normal, productive lives. Troy Duster notes that some of the most respectable citizens of the community, pillars of middle-class morality, were addicted#8230;. Family histories [indicate] that many wentRead MoreAlcohol Use And The Problems Associated With High Risk Drinking Among Native Americans1445 Words   |  6 PagesAlcohol use and the problems associated with high-risk drinking among Native Americans/ Native Alaskan populations has taken a toll within this particular group of people. Alcohol was initially introduced to the Native American culture by white settlers who had arrived from Europe. Soon after the settler’s arrival, alcohol became a commodity used for trade with Indians for their crops. Alcohol prior to this introduction was not widely used but, this however made alcohol prevalent with Native people

Succubus Blues CHAPTER 5 Free Essays

string(33) " to work on your hosting skills\." â€Å"For someone who just orchestrated a murder, you’re kind of overreacting.† Overreacting? In the last twenty-four hours, I’d had to endure virgins, scary vampires, murder, accusation, and humiliation in front of my favorite author. I really didn’t think coming home to a quiet apartment was too much to ask for. We will write a custom essay sample on Succubus Blues CHAPTER 5 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Instead, I found three interlopers. Three interlopers who were also my friends, mind you, but that didn’t change the principle of the matter. Naturally, none of them understood why I was so upset. â€Å"You’re invading my privacy! And I didn’t murder anybody. Why does everyone keep thinking that?† â€Å"Because you said yourself you were going to,† explained Hugh. The imp sprawled on my love seat, his relaxed posture indicating I might actually be the one in his home. â€Å"I heard it from Jerome.† Across from him, our friend Cody offered me a friendly smile. He was exceptionally young for a vampire and reminded me of the kid brother I’d never had. â€Å"Don’t worry. He had it coming. We stand by you all the way.† â€Å"But I didn’t – â€Å" â€Å"Is that our illustrious hostess I hear?† called Peter from the bathroom. A moment later, he appeared in the hallway. â€Å"You look pretty snazzy for a criminal mastermind.† â€Å"I’m not – † My words died on my lips as I caught sight of him. For a moment, all thoughts of murder and apartment intrusion blanked out of my mind. â€Å"For God’s sake, Peter. What happened to your hair?† He self-consciously ran a hand over the sharp, half-inch spikes covering his head. I couldn’t even imagine how much styling product it must have taken to defy the laws of physics like that. Worse, the tips of the spikes were white-blond, standing out boldly against his normally dark hair color. â€Å"Someone I work with helped me with it.† â€Å"Someone who hates you?† Peter scowled. â€Å"You are the most uncharming succubus I’ve ever met.† â€Å"I think the spikes really, um, emphasize the shape of your eyebrows,† offered Cody diplomatically. â€Å"They just take†¦ some getting used to.† I shook my head. I liked Peter and Cody. They were the only vampires I’d ever been friends with, but that didn’t make them any less trying. Between Peter’s assorted neuroses and Cody’s dogged optimism, I sometimes felt like the straight man – er, woman – on a sitcom. â€Å"A lot of getting used to,† I muttered, pulling up a bar-stool from my kitchen. â€Å"You’re one to talk,† returned Peter. â€Å"You and your wings and whip getup.† My mouth dropped, and I turned an incredulous look on Hugh. He hastily shut the Victoria’s Secret catalog he’d been leafing through. â€Å"Georgina – â€Å" â€Å"You said you weren’t going to tell! You sealed your lips and everything!† â€Å"I, uh†¦ it just sort of slipped out.† â€Å"Did you really have horns?† asked Peter. â€Å"All right, that’s it. I want you all out of here now.† I pointed at the door. â€Å"I’ve been through enough today without you three adding to it.† â€Å"You haven’t even told us about taking the contract out on Duane.† Cody’s puppy-dog eyes looked at me pleadingly. â€Å"We’re dying to know.† â€Å"Well, Duane’s the one who technically did the dying,† pointed out Peter in an undertone. â€Å"Watch the snide comments,† warned Hugh. â€Å"You might be next.† I half expected steam to pour from my ears. â€Å"For the last time, I did not kill Duane! Jerome believes me, okay?† Cody looked thoughtful. â€Å"But you did threaten him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Yes. And from what I recall, so have all of you at some time or another. This is just a coincidence. I didn’t have anything to do with it, and†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Something suddenly occurred to me. â€Å"Why does everyone keep saying things like ‘arranged his death’ or ‘got someone to murder him’? Why aren’t you saying that I did it myself?† â€Å"Wait†¦ you just said you didn’t.† Peter rolled his eyes at Cody before facing me, the older vampire’s expression turning serious. Of course, â€Å"serious† means all sorts of things when paired with a hairstyle like his. â€Å"No one’s saying you did it because you couldn’t have.† â€Å"Especially in those shoes.† Hugh nodded toward my heels. â€Å"I appreciate your complete lack of faith in my abilities, but isn’t it possible I could have, I don’t know, taken him by surprise? Hypothetically, I mean.† Peter smiled. â€Å"It wouldn’t have mattered. Lesser immortals can’t kill one another.† Seeing my astonished look, he added, â€Å"How can you not know that? After living as long as you have?† Teasing laced his words. There had always been an unspoken mystery between Peter and me concerning which of us was the oldest of the mortals-turned-immortals in our little circle. Neither of us would openly admit our age, so we’d never really determined who had the most centuries. One night, after a bottle of tequila, we’d started playing a â€Å"Do you remember when†¦Ã¢â‚¬  sort of game. We’d only gotten back as far as the Industrial Revolution before passing out. â€Å"Because no one’s ever tried to kill me. So what, are you saying all those turf wars vampires have are for nothing?† â€Å"Well, not for nothing,† he said. â€Å"We inflict some pretty terrific damage, believe me. But no, no one ever dies. With all the territory disputes, there’d be very few of us left if we could kill each other.† I stayed silent, turning this revelation over in my head. â€Å"Then how do – † I suddenly remembered what Jerome had told me. â€Å"They get killed by vampire hunters.† Peter nodded. â€Å"What’s the deal with them?† I asked. â€Å"Jerome wouldn’t elaborate.† Hugh was equally interested. â€Å"You mean like that one girl on TV? The hot blonde?† â€Å"This is going to be a long night.† Peter gave us both scathing looks. â€Å"You all need some serious Vampires 101. I don’t suppose you’re going to offer us anything to drink, Georgina?† I waved an impatient hand toward the kitchen. â€Å"Get whatever you want. I want to know about vampire hunters.† Peter sauntered out of my living room, yelping when he nearly tripped over one of the many stacks of books I had sitting around. I made a mental note to buy a new bookshelf. Scowling, he surveyed my nearly empty refrigerator with disapproval. â€Å"You really need to work on your hosting skills. You read "Succubus Blues CHAPTER 5" in category "Essay examples"† â€Å"Peter – â€Å" â€Å"Now, I keep hearing stories about that other succubus†¦ the one in Missoula. What’s her name again?† â€Å"Donna,† offered Hugh. â€Å"Yeah, Donna. She throws great parties, I hear. Gets them catered. Invites everyone.† â€Å"If you guys want to party with all ten people in Montana, then you’re welcome to move there. Now stop wasting time.† Ignoring me, Peter eyed the red carnations I’d bought the other night. I’d put them in a vase near the kitchen sink. â€Å"Who sent you flowers?† â€Å"No one.† â€Å"You sent yourself flowers?† asked Cody, his voice quaking with sympathy. â€Å"No, I just bought them. It’s not the same. I didn’t – look. Why are we talking about this when there’s an alleged vampire killer on the loose? Are you two in danger?† Peter finally opted for water but tossed beers to Hugh and Cody. â€Å"Nope.† â€Å"We aren’t?† Cody seemed surprised to learn this. His scant years as a vampire practically made him a baby compared to the rest of us. Peter was teaching him â€Å"the trade,† so to speak. â€Å"Vampire hunters are simply special mortals born with the ability to inflict real damage to vampires. Mortals in general can’t touch us, of course. Don’t ask me how or why this all works; there’s no system as far as I can tell. Most so-called vampire hunters go through life without even realizing they have this talent. The ones who do sometimes decide to make a career out of it. They pop up like this from time to time, picking off the occasional vampire, making a general nuisance of themselves until some enterprising vampire or demon takes them out.† â€Å"‘Nuisance’?† asked Cody incredulously. â€Å"Even after Duane? Aren’t you the least bit worried about this person coming after you? After us?† â€Å"No,† said Peter. â€Å"I am not.† I shared Cody’s confusion. â€Å"Why not?† â€Å"Because this person, whoever he or she is, is a total amateur.† Peter glanced over at Hugh and me. â€Å"What did Jerome say about Duane’s death?† Deciding I needed a drink myself, I raided my kitchen liquor cabinet and made a vodka gimlet. â€Å"He wanted to know if I did it.† Peter made a dismissive gesture. â€Å"No, about how he died.† Hugh frowned, apparently trying to piece together the logic afoot. â€Å"He said that Duane had been found dead – with a stake through his heart.† â€Å"There. You see?† Peter looked at us expectantly. We all looked back, baffled. â€Å"I don’t get it,† I finally said. Peter sighed, again looking utterly put out. â€Å"If you are a mortal who has the semidivine ability to kill a vampire, it doesn’t fucking matter how you do it. You can use a gun, a knife, a candlestick, or whatever. The stake through the heart thing is hearsay. If a normal mortal does it to a vampire, it won’t do a damned thing except really piss the vampire off. We only hear about it when a vampire hunter does it, so it carries some special superstitious lure, when really, it’s only like that egg thing on the equinoxes.† â€Å"What?† Hugh looked totally lost. I rubbed my eyes. â€Å"I actually know what he’s talking about, as scary as that is to admit. There’s this urban myth that eggs balance on their ends during the equinoxes. Sometimes it works, sometimes it doesn’t, but the truth is, you’d get the same results any time of the year. People only try it on the equinoxes, however, so that’s all anyone notices.† I glanced over at Peter. â€Å"Your point is that a vampire hunter could kill a vampire in any number of ways, but because the stake gets all the attention, that’s what has become the accepted method of†¦ ‘revocation of immortality.’ â€Å" â€Å"In people’s minds,† he corrected. â€Å"In reality, it’s a pain in the ass to drive a stake through someone’s heart. A lot easier to shoot them.† â€Å"And so you think this hunter is an amateur because†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Cody trailed off, obviously unconvinced by the compelling egg analogy. â€Å"Because any vampire hunter worth his or her snuff knows that and wouldn’t use a stake. This person’s a total newbie.† â€Å"First,† I advised Peter, â€Å"don’t say ‘worth his snuff.’ That expression’s out-of-style and makes you sound dated. Second, maybe this hunter was just trying to be old-school or something. And even if this person is a ‘newbie,’ does it really matter since they managed to take out Duane?† Peter shrugged. â€Å"He was an arrogant asshole. Vampires can sense vampire hunters at close range. Combined with this one’s inexperience, Duane should have never been taken. He was stupid.† I opened my mouth to counter this. I would be among the first to agree that Duane had indeed been both arrogant and an asshole, but stupid he was not. Immortals could not live as long as we did and see as many things as we did without gleaning substantial know-how and street smarts. We grew up quickly, so to speak. Another question moved to the forefront of my reasoning. â€Å"Can these hunters hurt other immortals? Or just vampires?† â€Å"Only vampires, as far as I know.† Something didn’t add up here between Peter’s comments and Jerome’s. I couldn’t quite put my finger on what was bothering me exactly, so I kept my misgivings to myself as the others chatted on. The vampire hunter topic soon became passe, once they’d decided – with some disappointment – I hadn’t contracted anybody. Cody and Hugh also seemed content to buy Peter’s theory that an amateur hunter posed no real threat. â€Å"Be careful, you two,† I warned the vampires when they were getting ready to leave. â€Å"Newbie or no, Duane is still dead.† â€Å"Yes, Mom,† answered Peter disinterestedly, putting on his coat. I gave Cody a sharp look, and he squirmed a bit. He was easier to manipulate than his mentor. â€Å"I’ll be careful, Georgina.† â€Å"Call me if anything weird happens.† He nodded, earning an eye roll from Peter. â€Å"Come on,† said the older vampire. â€Å"Let’s get some dinner.† I had to smile at that. While vampires getting dinner might have frightened most people, I knew better. Peter and Cody both hated hunting human victims. They did it on occasion but rarely killed when they did. Most of their sustenance came from extra-rare butcher shop purchases. Like me, they were half- assingtheir infernal jobs. â€Å"Hugh,† I said sharply as he was about to follow the vampires out. â€Å"A word, please.† The vampires gave Hugh sympathetic looks before leaving. The imp grimaced, closing the door and facing me. â€Å"Hugh, I gave you that key for emergencies – â€Å" â€Å"Vampire murder doesn’t constitute an emergency?† â€Å"I’m serious! It’s bad enough Jerome and Carter can teleport in here without you deciding to open up my home to God and the world.† â€Å"I don’t think God was invited tonight.† â€Å"And then, you went and told them about the demon-girl outfit†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Oh come on,† he protested. â€Å"That was too good to keep to myself. Besides, they’re our friends. What’s it matter?† â€Å"It matters because you said you weren’t going to tell,† I growled. â€Å"What kind of friend are you? Especially after I helped you out last night?† â€Å"Christ, Georgina. I’m sorry. I didn’t know you’d take it so personally.† I ran a hand through my hair. â€Å"It’s not just that. It’s†¦ I don’t know. It’s this whole business with Duane. I was thinking about what Jerome told me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Hugh waited, giving me time to gather my thoughts, sensing I was about to unleash something. My mind pondered the night’s unfolding as I studied the imp’s large shape beside me. He could be as silly as the vampires sometimes; I didn’t know if I could speak seriously to him. â€Å"Hugh†¦ how do you know if a demon is lying?† There was a pause, then he emitted a soft laugh, recognizing the old joke. â€Å"His lips are moving.† We leaned against my counter, and he studied me from his greater height. â€Å"Why? Do you think Jerome’s lying to us?† â€Å"Yes, I do.† Another pause followed. â€Å"Tell me then.† â€Å"Jerome told me to be careful, said I could be mistaken for a vampire.† â€Å"He told me the same thing.† â€Å"But Peter said vampire hunters can’t kill us.† â€Å"You ever had a stake driven through your heart? It might not kill you, but I bet you wouldn’t like it.† â€Å"Fair enough. But Jerome claimed vampire hunters find other vampires by following their prey. That’s bullshit. Cody and Peter are the exception. You know how most vampires are – they don’t hang out with other vampires. Following one generally won’t lead to another.† â€Å"Yeah, but he said this one was a newbie.† â€Å"Jerome didn’t say that. That was Peter’s theory based on the stake.† Hugh gave a conciliatory grunt. â€Å"Okay. So what do you think is going on?† â€Å"I don’t know. I just know these stories are contradicting each other. And Carter seemed awfully involved, like he was in on some secret with Jerome. Why should Carter even care? His side should technically approve of someone picking off our people.† â€Å"He’s an angel. Isn’t he supposed to love everyone, even the damned? Especially when said damned are his drinking buddies.† â€Å"I don’t know. There’s more here than we’re being told†¦ and Jerome seemed so adamant about me being careful. You too, apparently.† He stayed quiet a few moments before finally saying, â€Å"You’re a pretty girl, Georgina.† I started. So much for serious talk. â€Å"Did you drink more than that beer?† â€Å"I forget, though,† he continued, ignoring my question, â€Å"that you’re also a smart one. I work around shallow women so much – suburban housewives wanting smoother skin and bigger breasts – who have no other concerns but their appearances. It’s easy to get caught up in the stereotypes and forget that you have a brain in there too, behind your beautiful face. You see things differently than the rest of us – more clearly, I guess. Sort of a bigger picture kind of thinking. Maybe it’s your age – no offense.† â€Å"You did drink too much. Besides, I’m not smart enough to figure out what Jerome isn’t telling us unless†¦ there aren’t really succubus or imp hunters out there, are there?† â€Å"Have you ever heard of one?† â€Å"No.† â€Å"Neither have I. But I have heard of vampire hunters – independent of pop culture.† Hugh reached for his cigarettes and changed his mind, remembering I didn’t like smoking in my apartment. â€Å"I don’t think anyone’s going to put a stake through us anytime soon, if that’s what’s bothering you.† â€Å"But you do agree we’re being left out of the loop?† â€Å"What else do you expect from Jerome?† â€Å"I think†¦ I think I’m going to go see Erik.† â€Å"Is he still alive?† â€Å"Last I knew.† â€Å"That’s a good idea. He knows more about us than we do.† â€Å"I’ll let you know what I find out.† â€Å"Nah. I think I’d rather stay ignorant.† â€Å"Fine. Where are you off to now?† â€Å"I’ve got to go put in some after-hours time with one of the new secretaries, if you catch my meaning.† He grinned, dare I say, impishly. â€Å"Twenty years old, with breasts that defy gravity. I should know. I helped install them.† I couldn’t help but laugh, despite the grim atmosphere. Hugh, like the rest of us, had a day job when not furthering the cause of evil and chaos. In his case, the line between occupations was a little thin: he was a plastic surgeon. â€Å"I can’t compete with that.† â€Å"Not true. Science can’t duplicate your breasts.† â€Å"Praise from a true connoisseur. Have fun.† â€Å"I will. Watch your back, sweetie.† â€Å"You too.† He gave me a quick kiss on the forehead and left. I stood there, alone at last, staring idly at my door and wondering what all this meant. Jerome’s warning probably had been overkill, I decided. As Hugh had said, no one had ever heard of imp or succubus hunters. Still, I clicked my deadbolt and fastened the chain on my door before going to bed. Immortal I might be, but reckless I was not. Well, at least not when it counted. How to cite Succubus Blues CHAPTER 5, Essay examples

History of kerala free essay sample

The meglithic monuments include the dolmens, cists, rock-cut caves, thopikallu, pulachikallu, kudakkallu etc. All of them are associated with burial system. ‘Nannangadi’ was the burial jar. The important palaeolithic sites are valuvasseri (Nilambur) and Tenkara (Palaghat) The mesolithic sites are Walayar (Palaghat), Mankara, Tenmalai (Kollam) Kerala is believed to have originated by the withdrawal of sea, when Parasurama threw his axe from Gokarnam to Kanyakumary. The oldest book which mentions about kerala is ‘Ithareyaranyakam’. The author of Keralappazhama is Dr. Gundert. Kalidasa’s Reghuvamsam mentions about Kerala. Parasurama divided Kerala into 64 villages and donated them to Brahmins. Famous Rock-cut caves in the Ambukuthi hills in the Wayanad district is known as Edakkal Caves. It is the greatest example of megalithic culture in Kerala. It was Fred Foset who first studied about Muziris Kodungalloor is the present name of ancient port, Muziris. It was also the trade centre with Romans. It was known by different names such as ‘Murichipathanam’ in Ramayana, ‘Muchiri’ in Tamil works, ‘Muyiricode’ in Jewish Plate etc. The ancient historian plini mentions that Muziris was an important port in ancient India. It is also believed that the birth place of Aryabhatta (the ancient astronomer), Ashmakam is in Kodungalloor. Muziris lost its importance due to the flood in Periyar in the year 1341. This lead to the coming up of Cochi port. Sources of Kerala History Keralolpathi, Kerala Mahatmyam, Raghuvamsam, Mooshaka vamsam, Unnuneeli Sandesham, Unniyadi charitham, Chandrolsavam, Unnichiruthevi charitham, Malabar Manual, Hortus Malabaricus. ? ? ? ? ? the pictures on these caves in 1901. Later this research was continued by Dr. M. R. Raghava Warrior and Dr. Rajan Gurukkal. Archeological excavations conducted in 2009 September on this site discovered the figure of ‘a man holding a vessel’ which resembles the Indus valley seal. It shows the relationship of megalithic culture of Kerala with Indus valley culture Writings in the Edakkal Caves belonged to the Dravida Brahmi script. The prehistoric people of Kerala belonged to the Negrito race and Proto Australoids. From 3000 BC onwards Kerala had trade relations by sea with the Indus Valley people Early inhabitants of Kerala belonged to the last phase of Middle Stone Age. Chathanparambu near Farrokh is a famous prehistoric site in the Malabar region. Sangham Age ? ? ? ? Roman coins referred to in Chera and Chola inscriptions as pazhankasu. The period from Istcentury AD 5thcentury AD is known as Sangham Age. Ashokan inscriptions mention about the early Cheras with the name Cheralamputra. Vanchi, Karur, Thrikkariyur and Thiruvanchikkulam were the capitals of Early Cheras. ‘Swrupas’ Nediyiruppu Swarupam .. Kozhikkodu Perumpadappu Swarupam .. Cochi Ilayidathu Swarupam . Kottarakkara Thrippappur Swarupam . Thiruvithamcore Elangalloor Swarupam .. Edappalli Padinjattedathu Swarupam Kodungalloor Arangottu Swarupam .. Valluvanadu Tharoor Swarupam .. Palakkadu Thanoor Swarupam Vettathunadu ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Agriculture was the major occupation of the people in the Sangham Period. On the basis of physiography, the land was divided into five thinas (Ainthina) They were Palai (dry land), Marutham (fertile land), neithal (coastal area), mullai (forest area) and kurinji (hilly area) More people were settled in the land area called ‘marutham’. The term ‘sangha’ was first used by the saiva saint, Appa. Venadu, Kuttanadu, Kudanadu, Puzhinadu and Karkanadu were the five divisions of Kerala in the Sangham Age. Kottavai (a form of Durga) was the chief diety of people during the Sangham Age (war goddess) Avvayar was the most famous poetess of the Sangham period. Manram was the famous socio-political institution of the Sangham Kerala. The distinctive feature of social life in this period was the absence of caste system. Kapilar and Paranar were famous poets of Sangham Age, belonged to the ‘Pana’ community. Utiyan Cheralathan of first Chera Empire had the title ‘vanavarampan’. Chera ruler Nedum Cheralathan adopted the title ImayaVarampan Palyanai Chel Kezhu Kuttuvan defeated the Ay kings of Venadu in battle. Narmudi Cheralathan defeated the Ay Ruler Nannan in the Battle of Vagai Perumthurai ? Vel kezhu Kuttuvan had the title ‘Kadal pira kottiya’. He was popularly known as Chenkuttuvan. ? During the period of Chenguttuvan, Kerala had trade relations with Sri Lanka. ? The Royal symbol of Chera was bow and Chola’s symbol was Tiger and that of the Pandyas was fish (Carp) ? Aryans began to dominate Kerala from the 4th Century BC. Ezhimala, Ay kingdoms ? Ezhimala ruler Konkanam Nannan was believed to be a contemporary of Bindhusara. ? The dynasty which existed in the Ezhimala was the ‘Mushika Vamsa’. ? Mushika Vamsa Mahakavya written by poet Athula describes about Ezhimala rulers. ? Ay dynasty belonged to the Yadava race. ? Paliyam Copper Plate (925 AD) of Vikramaditya Varaguna mentions about the Ay rulers. ? Early capital of Ays was Pothiyil Mountain or Ayakkudi. ? Vizhinjam was the Capital of Ays in later period. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Sri Padmanabha was the tutelary diety of Ays. The major Ay provinces were Pozhi Chiozhnadu (Kantalur Sata, Thiruvananthapuram and Kulathur), Changazhanadu (Kunnathur), Valluvanadu (Kalkkulam) Iraniyal Muttam etc. ), Thenkanadu (Panaiyur, Vilappil etc. ) and Meynadu. Ay Kings followed marumakkthayam. Ay Antiran is believed to be the first Ay king. The second Ay king Titiyam was a contemperory of Kapilar, Paranar and Bhootha Pandyan. The Partivasekharapuram temple (Kanyakumari) was built by the Ay king, Karunanthadakkan. The Paliyam Plate issued by Vikramiditya Varaguna shows his religious tolerance (His land grants to sree Moolavasam, the famous Buddha Vihara) Elephant was the symbol of Ay kings. Kollam Era was started in AD 825 (August 15) (Chingam 1) by Rajashekhara Varman Kulasekhara. ? ? ? Kollam Era is also known as Malayalam Era. Earliest available inscription dated in the Kollam Era is the Mampalli plate (149) of Sri Vallabhan Kotha of Venadu. The Battle of Venni was fought between Uthiyan Cheralathan and Karikala Chola Kulasekharas of Mahodayapuram (800-1102 AD) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Kulasekharas of Mahodaya puram is also known as the Second Chera Empire. Kulasekhara Varman / Ramarajasekharan / Kulasekhara Alwar was the founder of Second Chera Empire. The age of Kulasekharas is known as the ‘Golden Age of Kerala. The first king of this dynasty was Rajasekhara devan. Vazhappalli plate (AD-832) is the oldest plate of cheras. Kulasekhara Alwar wrote Perumal Thirumozhi in Tamil and Mukundamala in Sanskrit. The Terisapalli Copper Plate of 849 AD was issued by Ayyan Adikal Thiruvadikal of Venad for the Kulasekhara ruler Sthanu Ravi Varman. It was also known as Kottayam plates. Sthanu Ravi established a planetarium at Mahodayapuram. The Arab traveller Sulaiman (851AD) visited Kerala during the reign of Sthanu Ravi Varman. The Jewish Copper plate of 1000AD (175 Kollam Era) was issued by Bhaskara Ravi Varman I. This plate granted the right to collect taxes and the position of ‘Anchuvannam’ to the Jewish noble, Joseph Rabban. Raja Raja Cholan attacked Vizhinjam and Kantalur Sala during the period of Bhaskara Ravivarman (AD 962-1021) Kulasekhara empire began to disintegrate during this period. The famous ‘‘Hundred Years War’’ between the Cholas and Cheras began during the reign of Bhaskara Ravi Varman I. ‘Kulasekhara’ literature Aattaprakarm, Kramadeepika .. Tholan Yudhishtira vijayam, Thripuradahanam Vasudeva Bhattathiri Subhadra Dhananjayam, Vichinnabhishekam . Kulsekhara Varma Sankara narayaneeyam, Gauri Kathodayam . Sankaranarayanan Sivananda lahari, Saundarya lahari .. Sankaracharyar ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Shift from Makkathayam to Marumakkathayam took place during this period of Hundred Years War. VeeraRaghava Pattayam (Iravikorthan Cheped) was given to a Christian noble by Veera Ravi Varma. This plate was discovered by Lord Macauley from Cochi. Devadasi system came to be popular during the period of Second Chera Empire. Chokkur plate (Kozhikode) has the earliest historical mention of the devadasis in Kerala. Koothu and Koodiyattom were two artforms developed during the period in Kerala Ramavarma Kulasekhara (1090-1102) was the last of Kulasekharas of Mahodayapuram. Ramavarma Kulasekhara shifted his capital from Mahodayapuram to Quilon and Quilon came to be called ‘Ten Vanchi’ (Vanchi of the South) The Cheraman Legend says that the last Chera Emperor (Cheraman Perumal) received Islam and went to Arabia and met Prophet Muhammed at Jeddah. The ‘‘Tuhafat-ul-Mujahidin’ of Sheik Zainuddin refers about the Cheraman legend. ‘Munnuttuvar’ and ‘Arunnuttuvar’ were local assemblies to look after the administration. Manigramam, Anchuvannam and ‘Valanchiur’ were famous merchant’s guilds of the period. Sankaracharya founded four mutts in four corners of India; Badrinath in the North (Jyotir Mutt) Puri in the east (Govardhan) Dwaraka in the West (Sarada Mutt) and Sringeri in the south. Malayalam became an independent language, freed from Tamil during the period of the Kulasekharas (9th Century AD). Bhakti Movement ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Sankaracharya (788 820 AD) the great Advaita philosopher was a younger contemporary of Kulasekhara Alwar. Sankaracharya was a Namboothiri Brahmin born at Kaladi on the banks of river Periyar. Sankaracharya propagated the Advaita philosophy which had its roots in Upanishadic teachings. Vadakke Madam, Naduvil Madam, Edayil Madam and Thekke Madam are the four mutts founded by Sankaracharya in Trichur. Sankaracharya wrote commentaries on the Brahmasutras, the Bhagavat Gita and the principal Upanishads. He also composed poems like Vivekachoodamani, Updeshasahasri,Atmabodha, Mohamudra, Sivanandalahari and Saundarya Lahari. Bhakti movement became prominent under the Kulasekharas. Vedic schools attached to the temples during the Kulasekhara period were known as Salais. The Kanthalur Salai is popularly known as Nalanda of the South (Dakshina Nalanda). Kadavallur Anyonyam, three proficiency tests in the Rigveda, was conducted during the Kulasekhara period related to the Brahmins. Early Foreign Contacts ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Assyrians and Babylonians were the first to have trade relations with ancient Kerala. In 1500 BC the Egyptian Queen Hatshepsut, (first woman ruler in the world), sent an expedition to Kerala for spices. It is believed that Hippalus, a Greek navigator, came to Muziris (Kodungallur) by sea in 45AD. Hippalus discovered Monsoon winds in 45 AD. Quilon was an important centre of Chinese trade. Pepper got the name ‘Yavana priya’ because of its high demand by the Romans and Greeks. Italian (Venetian) traveller Marcopolo reached Kerala in 1292 (13th Century). Muziris, Tyndis, Barace and Nelcynda were the famous sea ports in ancient Kerala. ? ? ? African (Morocco) Traveller , Ibn Batuta reached Kerala during 1342-1347. Nicolo Conti reached Kerala in 1440. The Cranganore port (Muziris) declined as a result of the floods in the Periyar river in 1341. Coming of Religions to Kerala ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Ancient religion in Kerala was Dravidian in Nature. Jainism reached Kerala in the 3rd Century BC. Jainism in Kerala was introduced by the disciples of Bhadrabhanu. Jainism was popular in Wayanad, Palakkad and the island regions of Travancore. It has influenced the architecture of the temples and mosques of Malabar. The Koodalmanikyam Temple at Irinjalakkuda, dedicated to Bharata was a famous Jain temple. It is assumed that Buddhism reached Kerala during the period of Ashoka in the 3rd century BC (232 BC). The Sangham work Manimekhalai mentions about the spread of Buddhism in Kerala. A large number of Buddha images have been found from Kunnathur and Karunagappally taluks of Quilon district. Famous Buddhist image Karumadikuttan has been discovered from Karumadi near Ambalappuzha. The Indilayappam idols found in different parts of Kerala were originally Buddhist idols. The Paliyam Copper Plate of Vikramaditya Varaguna bears evidence of the patronage extended to the temple of Sri Mulavamsam, the main Buddhist pilgrim centre in South India. Naga worship, Kettu Kazhcha and Chakkiar Kuthu of the Hindus have traces of Buddhist influences. Major Treaties Kannur Treaty of 1513 between Kozhikodu Zamorin and the Portughese. ? Ponnani Treaty of 1540 between Kozhikodu and Protughese. ? Azheekodu Treaty of 1661 between the Dutch and the Kozhikodu ? ? The Ayurvedic system of treatment in Keala is believed to be a gift of Buddhism. Venad ? The source book of ayurveda is Ashtangahrudayam written by Buddhist scholar Vaghbhata. ? ? It was the Bhakti saints who checked the spread of Buddhism and Jainism among the masses. ? ? The Bhakti movement had two branches ie the Vaishnavites led by the Alwars and the saivites led by the Nayanars. ? Kulasekhara Alwar (Kulasekhara Varma) was the only Alwar from Kerala. His great works were Perumal Thirumozhi in Tamil and Mukundamala in Sanskrit. ? Cherman Perumal Nayanar (Rajasekhara Varman) was the second Kulasekhara ruler. His story is narrated by Sekkilar in his ‘Periyapuranam’. Sundaramurthi Nayanar, the Saiva was his close friend. ? ‘Karuna’, ‘Chandala Bhikshuki’ and ‘Sri Buddha Charitam’ of Kumaranasan are closely associated with Buddhism. ? Christianity was introduced in Kerala in the first century AD (52 AD) by St. Thomas. St. Thomas founded seven churches in Kerala, ie, Maliankara, Palayur, Kottakkavu, Kokkamangalam, Quilon, Niranam and Nilakkal. ? ? ? Viralminda from Chengannur was also a contemperory of Sundaramurthi. ? ? ? St. Thomas Christians were called Syrian Christians. ? The Jews came to Kerala in 68 AD and first landed at Kodungallur. ? Islam was introduced to Kerala probably in 644 AD by Malik Ibn Dinar. He founded the Cheraman Mosque at Kodungallur. ? One and only Muslim ruling dynasty in Kerala was the Arakkal Dynasty. It had its centre at Kannur. If the ruler of this dynasty, is a male he is known as Ali Raja and a female is known as Arakkal Beevi. ? ? The White Jews Synagogue at Mattancherri was built in 1567. ? ? ? Aadiraja Aysha Beevi is the new Arakkal Beevi. ? ? ? Venad was the name of ancient Travancore upto the time of Marthandavarma. Vira Kerala Varma (Kulasekhara Perumal) was the first ruler. The five swarupams named Venad, Thiruvithamkodu, Trippappur, Desinganad and Chiravi were later popularly called as Travancore. Venad had an important public body under the name â€Å"Six Hundred† to supervise the working the temples and charities. Ravivarma Kulasekhara (1299-1313) is called as ‘Samgramadhira’. By defeating the cholas and Pandyas, he accepted the title ‘Emperor of south’. He was the first kerala ruler who issued coins in his own name. Chera Udaya Marthanda Varma has the longest period of reign in Venad. ‘Leelathilakam’ was produced during his period. He was the architect of the ‘Sabha mandapa’ of the Sucheendram temple. It was during the period of Ravivarma, Thirumala Naik of Madurai invaded Nanjinad in 1634. It was the famous battle of Kaniyakulam between Iravikutty Pillai (the commander of Venad and Ramappayya (Madurai) In 1644, the English obtained permission from Ravi Varma to build a factory at Vizhinjam, which was the earliest settlement in Travancore. By a settlement made in 1050 AD, the administration of the Sreepadmanabha temple was vested in the Ettarayogam. In course of time, the Yogakkar exercised all religious authority and the pillamar occupied all political power. Thus the medieval Venad kings had to fight against Ettuveetil Pillaimar and Yogathil Pottimar. By the death of Aditya Varma, Aswathy Thirunal (Umayamma Rani) came to power as the regent of Prince Ravi Varma till 1684 AD. Thirvithamcore ? Trippapur Swaroopam or Thiruvitamcode was the early name of Travancore. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Marthandavarma followed the policy of ‘Blood and Iron’. The absorption of Attingal, annexation of Kollam, Kayamkulam and Elayidathu Swarupam (Kottarakkara) showed the military strength of Marthandavarma. By the Treaty of Mannar, Kayamkulam gave half of its territory to Travancore. Later he anexed purakkad (Ambalappuzha), Vadakkumkur and Thekkumkur. Then he entered into an Alliance with Cochin in 1757. He recaptured Kalakkad(the estern frontier). Thus he extended his kingdom from Suchindram to Cochi. In the famous battle fought at Kolachal (10 Aug. 1741) the forces of Marthandavarma defeated the Dutch and captured D’Lannoy, who later became the ‘Valiyakappithan’ of Marthanda Varma’s army. An important innovation introduced by Marthandavarma was the framing of the annual budget called ‘Pativukanakku’. Marthandavarma is known as the Maker of Modern Travancore. The Chief Minister of Travancore was known as Dalawa. Ramayyan was the Dalawa of Marthanda Varma. Marthanda Varma was born in the year 1705 and came to the throne in 1729. Marthandavarma dedicated the kingdom to Sri. Padmanabha of Trivandrum (Thrippatidanam) on Wednesday, January 3, 1750 (Makaram 5, 725 KE). There after the Travancore Rajas came to be known as Padmanabhadasas. The ‘Bhadradeepam’ and ‘Murajapam’ in the Padmanabha Swami Temple was also started by Marthandavarma. Karthika Tirunal Rama Varma (1758-1798) who is known as the Dharmaraja succeeded Marthanda varma to the throne. Ayyappan Marthanda Pillai and Raja Kesava Dasa were the Chief Ministers of Dharmaraja. The reign of Dharmaraja saw the invasion of Kerala by the Mysore rulers, Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan. Marthanada Varma ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Dharmaraja Travancore came to be known as ‘Dharmarajyam’ during the reign of Dharmaraja. Haider’s first invasion was in 1761 and second in 1773. Dharmaraja constructed the ‘Nedumkotta’ or ‘Travancore lines’ in central Kerala to prevent the Mysore invasion. It was Ayyappan Marthanda Pillai, Dharmaraja’s Chief Minister, who developed Varkala as the nucleus of a flourishing town. The palace at Krishnapuram was improved a Public road from Quilon to Purakkad was opened. The Palace at Krishnapuram was improved a public road from Quilon to Purakkad was opened. The state was divided into three administrative divisions called ‘Mukhams’ each of them was placed under sarvadhikaryakkar. The subordinate officers were called Karyakkars. Raja Kesava Das was the first Chief Minister of Travancore who assumed the title Diwan. Raja Kesava Das was respectfully referred to as ‘Valia Diwanji’. Vizhinjam was developed into a small port by Raja Kesava Das. Alleppey was also developed into a town and port by Raja Kesava Das. The Chalai Bazar, the completion of the Gopuram of Sri Padmanabhaswami temple were also done by Rajakesava Das. ? ? ? ? The surname ‘Raja’ was given to Kesava Das by the Governor Lord Mornington. Kunchan Nambiar and Unnayi Warrier were the famous poets in the court of Marthanda Varma and Dharmaraja. It was Dharmaraja who shifted the capital of Travancore from Padmanabhapuram to Trivandrum. People respectfully called him ‘Kizhavan Raja’ Zamorin in Calicut The zamorins ruled Malabar for about 750 yrs. Earlier they were known as ‘earadis’. According to historians, the period of zamorins started in the year 346 AD. The Potughese sailor, Vasco-da-gama came to Calicut during the period of Manavikraman Samoothiri. The first mention about the Zamorins is in the descriptions of Ibn Batuta. The Chief Ministers named ‘Sarvadhikaryakkars’ and the minister named ‘Karyakkars’ were helped in the administration. They had good trade relations with the Arabs and the Chinese. The dynasty who ruled a province in India for the longest period is the Zamorins. The Portuguese Period ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Vasco Da Gama was the first European navigator to reach India by sea route. Gama reached at Kappad near Calicut on 20 May 1498. He was sent to India by Portuguese king Manuel. Gama was received at Calicut by the Zamorine. Gama left Calicut and reached Cannanore at the invitation of Kolathiri Raja. Gama returned to Lisbon in 1499. Gama’s second visit was in 1502. Gama reached Kerala for the third time in 1524 and died here on 29 December 1524 and was cre- ? ? Mamankam Mamankam or ‘Magha makam’ was the festival celebrated on the banks of river Bharathappuzha (Thirunavaya of Malappuram district) once in 12 years. Initially it was conducted by Valluvakonathiri. Later the ‘Status of Protector’ was taken by the Zamorin. The ‘Chaverppada’ was appointed by Valluvakonathiri to take back his ‘status’. There were so many exhibitions, trade fairs and athletic meets in association with this 28 day long festival. During the last mamankam which was held in 1776 A. D. Hyder Ali attacked and both the Zamorin and the Konathiri lost their power. ‘Manikkinar, Nilapaduthara, Marunnara, Pattinithara, Changampall Kalari which were associated with Mamamkam were still present in Thirunavaya ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? mated at the St. Francis Church at Fort Cochin. Later his mortal remains were brought back to Lisbon, Portugal. The second expedition of the Portuguese to Kerala was led by Pedro Alvarez Cabral. He reached Cochin on 24 December, 1500. Francisco d’Almeda was the first Viceroy of the Portuguese in the East. He was appointed in 1505 AD. Albuquerque is regarded as the greatest of the Portuguese statesmen who came to the East. Kunjali Marakkar opposed the Portuguese. Kunjali Marakkars were the traditional naval commanders of Zamorin. Fourth and last Kunjali was Muhammed Kunjali. He adopted the titles ‘‘King of the Moors’ and ‘Lord of the Indian Seas’. In 1600 the Kunjali IV was captured by the Zamorin and he was executed by the Portuguese at Goa. Vasco-da-Gama reached Kerala in a ship called St. Gabriel. The Synod of Diamper (Udayamperur Sunnahadose) to reform Kerala Church was conducted by the Portuguese (1599) The ‘‘Oath of the Coonan Cross’ against the appointment of Latin Bishop was in 1653. First European fort built in India was the Fort Manual at Cochin by Albuquerque. ‘Anchal’ System The postal system prevalent in the Travancore and Cochin was known as ‘Anchal’ system the word ‘anchal’ was derived from the latin word ‘Angeles’ which means messenger. Government articles and letters were brought to the secretariat by ‘Viruthi’ people from the time of Marthanda Varma. This system was modified in 959 K. E. (Kollam era). Later Col. Munro introduced the ‘anchal system’ . The Growth of British Power in Kerala ? ? ? The Dutch in Kerala ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The Dutch were the first Protestant nation in Europe to establish trade contacts with Kerala. The Dutch East India company was formed in 1602. Dutch Admiral Steven Van Der Hagen was the first Dutch Admiral to reach Kerala (Calicut) The Dutch set up factories at Masulipatanam, Pulicat, Surat, Bimily patam, Balasore, Nagapattam, Cochin etc. They first of all entered into an alliance with the Zamorin of Calicut. By the Treaty of Venad (1662), they established their monopoly of pepper trade. Weakened by the wars with the Zamorin and beaten by Mathandavarma, they paved the way for English Supremacy. They introduced salt farming industry in Kerala. They maintained Leper Asylums at Palliport and Baypin. The famous ‘Travancore Lines’ which checked Hyder Ali and Tipu were the joint work of the Dutch Captain, D’ Lannoy and Soobba Iyer. Most important contribution of Dutch to Kerala is the monumental work, Horthus Malabaricus. It was compiled under the patronage of Admiral Van Rheede. Carmelite Monk Mathews, three Gowda Saraswath Brahmins, Ranga Bhatt, Appu Bhatt and Vinayaka Bhatt and an Ezhava Physician Itti Achuthan were associated with its compilation. The work was published from Amsterdam (Holland) between 1678 and 1703. They built the Bolgatti palace in 1744. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? First Englishman who came to Kerala was perhaps Master Ralph Fitch. He is known as ‘‘Pioneer Englishman’’(1583) The 1616 Captain Keeling arrived in Calicut with three ships which brought Sir Thomas Roe on his embassy to the court of Jahangir. British merchants exported pepper to England for the first time from Cochin in 1626. First English factory in Kerala was set up at Vizhinjam. In 1695 the English constructed the Anchuthengu fort with the permission of Attingal Rani. Construction was started in 1684. The Attingal Outbreak was on 15 April 1721. It was between the natives and the British traders. 140 Englishmen were massacred by the natives. The event occured near Anjengo. Attingal Revolt was the first organised revolt against the English in Kerala. By 1800 Cochin came under the control of the English East India Company. By the treaty concluded in 1795 Travancore accepted the Supremacy of the Company. Col. Macaulay was appointed as the first British Resident in Travancore. The treaty of 1805 which was negotiated by Velu Thampi Dalawa resulted in the loss of the political freedom of Travancore. Challenge to British Supremacy ? ? ? ? The more serious of the revolts against the British in Malabar were organised by Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja of Kottayam Royal Family. Pazhassi’s first revolt was in 1793 1797, second revolt was in 1800-1805. Cause of the first Pazhassi revolt was the revenue policy of the British. The immediate cause of the second revolt was the British move to take possession of Wayanadu which had been ceded to them by the Mysore ruler under the Partition Treaty following the fall of Srirangapattanam in 1799. ? ? ? ? ? IIIIIIIII IIIII Pazhassi Raja organised the guerilla warfare from the Wynadu hills particularly from the Puralimala with the help of Kurichyas and Kurumbas, the tribals of Wynadu and Nairs. ‘‘Kerala Simham’ is a historical novel written by Sardar K. M. Panicker about Pazhassi Raja. The Malayalam film ‘Kerala Simham’ was directed by Navodaya Appachan. On the 30th November 1805 the Raja was shot dead by Thomas Harvey Baber, Subcollector of Tellichery. Sir Arthur Wellesley (later Duke of Wellington) was the Commander in Chief of the British forces in Malabar. Pazhassi was killed on the banks of ‘Mavilathode’. Parankippadayali is also a novel written by K. M. Panicker. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? VeluThampi was the Dalawa of Travancore Velu Thampi was appointed as Mulakumadiseela Karyakkar (Commercial minister in 1799 by Balaramavarma) In 1800 he became the Dalawa. Velu Thampi introduced travelling courts in Travancore. On 11 January 1809 (1st Makaram 984) issued the famous Kundara Proclamation indicting the British rule and exhorting the people to rally under his banner for a patriotic struggle against the foreigners. He organised the Hajoor Kachery at Kollam. Velu Thampi committed suicide in the house of the Potti of the Bhagavati temple at Mannadi. His relatives were deported to Maldives. The oldest male member of the Paliyam family was the hereditary Diwan of Cochin Raja. Paliyat Achan revolted against the British in collaboration with Velu Thampi. But he was finally defeated and deported to Madras. Cochin became a subsidiary state of the British in 1809. The Kurichyas and Kurumbas of Wynad rose in revolt against the British in 1812. Kurichya Revolt was the last of the early revolts broke out in Malabar against the British supremacy. Kulachal Battle . 1741 ? Kundara Proclamation .. 1809 ? Kurichyar Rebellion .. 1812 ? Channar Lahala 1859 ? Malayali Memorial (Travancore) .. 1891 ? Ezhava Memorial . 1896 ? Mopla Rebellion, Wagon Tragedy .. 1921 ? Vaikkom Satyagraha .. 1924 ? Civil Disobedience Movement .. 1930 ? Guruvayoor Satyagraha 1931 ? Nivarthana Agitation . 1932 ? Temple Entry Proclamation . 1936 ? State Congress Movement . 1938 ? Kayyur Rebellion 1941 ? Punnapra Vayalar Rebellion 1946 ? Formation of Kerala State 1956 ? Revolt of Velu Thampi Paliath Achan Attingal Rebellion .. 1721 Liberation Movement 1959 Enlightened Administration in Travancore ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? After the death of Dharmaraja, Balarama Varma came to the throne. He appointed Velu Thampi as his commerce minister and then the Dalawa. Ummini Thampi became the new Dalawa after Velu Thampi. The weaver’s township of Balaramapuram was created by Ummini Thampi. Resident Col. Monro was appointed as the first English Diwan in Travancore The Secretariat System was introduced in Travancore by Col. Munro. Col. Munro changed the Karyakkar position to Tahsildar. The direct management of Devaswams by Govt was introduced by Col. Monro. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? In 1812 Rani Gauri Lakshmi Bai abolished slavery in Travancore. The London Mission Society (LMS) at Nagercoil established in 1816 under the patronage of Gauri Parvati Bai. The reign of Swathi Thirunal (1829-1847) was the Golden Age in the history of Travancore. Swathi Thirunal was known as ‘Garbhasreeman’ Sucheendram Kaimukku was also abolished by Swathi Thirunal. He shifted Hajoor Kachery from Quilon to Trivandrum. He introduced English Education in Trivandrum. Sir C. P. Ramaswami Ayyar was the Diwan of Sri Chitira Thirunal. An English School was opened at TVM in 1834 Raja’s Free School. Swathi Thirunal opened the Trivandrum Observatory in 1836. He introduced the first charity hospital at TVM. He set up the Department of Engineering, Irrigation and Maramathu Department for the first time. First census of the state was conducted in 1836 by Swathi Thirunal. Utram Tirunal Marthanda Varma abolished all restrictions in regard to the covering of their upper parts by a Channar women in South Travancore in 1859. First Post-Office in Travancore (also of Kerala) was opened at Alleppey during the reign of Utram Thirunal Marthanda Varma in 1857. First modern factory for the manufacture of coir was also opened at Alleppey (1859) during the period of Utram Thirunal Marthanda Varma. Beginning of Agrarian Reforms in Travancore was during the period of Ayilyam Thirunal The Pandarapattam Proclamation (1865) and the Janmi-Kudiyan Proclamation (1867) for agrarian reforms were during the period of Ayilyam Thirunal. Trivandrum Museum building and the main building of Trivandrum University College were constructed during the reign of Ayilyam Thirunal. The first systematic census of Travancore was taken on May 18, 1875 by Ayilyam Thirunal. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Ayilyam Thirunal was also the first Raja of Travancore to receive the title ‘Maharaja’ from the British crown. Ayurveda College was started during the period of Sri Mulam Thirunal (1885-1924) Sri Mulam Tirunal formulated a Legislative Council in 1888. This was the first Legislative Council in an Indian State. The Sri Mulam Popular Assembly (Praja Sabha) was formed in 1904 by Sri Mulam Thirunal. Devadasi System